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Nitrate & Nitrite Poisoning In Animals Nitrate & Nitrite Poisoning In Animals Alot Of species Are susceptible To Nitrates & Nitrite poisoning in animals But Cattle Are Affected most commonly Ruminants are specially Vulnerable because rumen flora reduce Nitrate to Amonia with Nitrite (10Times more toxic than nitrate ) . Nitrate is broken down to nitrite in rumen then convert into Amonia in rumen &then are used by rumen microbes to make protein.Nitrate & Nitrite Poisoning In Animals Alot Of species Are susceptible To Nitrates & Nitrite poisoning But Cattle Are Affected most commonly. See Also:Vibriosis and its effect on human being Nitrate reduction & nitrite production presence in cecum of quidder but not same extent as in ruminents Acute Intoxication is apparent by methemoglobin Formation (Nitrite ion reacts with RBC's oxides Ferrous iron to ferrous form stable methemoglobin incapable of Oxygen transport ) in Result Anoxia Secondary Effect are Vasodilation on smooth musle Ingested Nitrates direct irritate mucosa then result in abdominal pain & Diarrhea Acute ,chronic ,retarded growth , minor Temporary Goitrogenic effects ,abortions & Fetotoxicity ,low milk production & high susceptibility to infection Main difference of nitrate are cause Inflammation of Gut but Nitrite cause respiratory problems due to interference with ogygenation of Blood . Nitrite is 10 times as toxic to cattle as nitrate Large amount Of nitrate are eaten over short period of time , the nitrite accumulates in rumen & then absorbed Blood stream are react with iron in RBCs , So they can no longer bind oxygen 2- ETIOLOGY: Commonly it is due to Grazing Such as ingestion Of plants contain excess of nitrate espically be hungry animals are overeating Ingestion of fertilizers & chemicals by accidently During grazing . Nitrate are presence in these crops such as OATS, MILLET,RYE,CORN,SUNFLOWER ,SORGHUMS ,WHEAT ,BARLEY ,FLAX, SUGAR BEETS Weeds in which high nitrate are occus such as PIGWEED,THISTLE WEED,JIMSON WEED,DOCK WEED ,SMART WEED AND FIREWEED (KOCHIA) Spring most important season for nitrate poisoning Sources of toxic of nitrate for livestock are such as WATER AND FERTILIZERS Avoid grazing after spreading fertilizers Nitrate & Nitrite Poisoning In Animals 3- CLINICAL FINDINGS /SIGNS AND SYMTOMS For Nitrate poisoning Main Signs & SYMTOMS are such as DIARRHEA,SALIVATION AND ABDOMINAL PAIN For Nitrite poisoning Main Signs are such as WEAKNESS ,LACK OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD, CHOCOLATE brown mucous membrane ,Difficult breathing ,RAPID PULSE RATE 150+/MIN For nitrite poisoning sign are also such as MUSLE TREMORS ,DROOLING OF SALIVA ,BLUE DISCOLORIZATION OF MOUTH,DIFFICULT BREATHING, COLLAPSE ,COMA Commonly URINATION and anxiety are also may be signs appeared Nitrite poisoning signs are also such as Vomiting ,diarrhea ,gastric hemorrhage, ,ATAXIA ,Abnormal Conditions Of lungs Swelling Of rumen & Staggering The pregnant females are survive nitrate poisoing may be abort due to absence of oxygen of fetus , abortion occur approximately 10-14 days following exposure to Nitrates In cattle 5-14 days after excessive nitrate /nitrite poisoing Some times animals are die without appearing ill Dark red hues can be seen Hydeoperitoneum reported in calves Edematous : accumulation Of serious Fluid in tissue Haemorrhage in lungs & Digestive system Inadequate nutition can be lead to alert downer cow syndrome & cattle sudden collapse & DEATH Can result 4-DIAGNOSIS : The clinical Signs are uncertain if cattle access nitrate & start to showing signs of illness get checked as soon as possible Nitrate poisoning are identified by using blood test For nitrate methaemoglobin (products are formed when nitrite are reacts with RBCs In severe cases methemoglobin is visible as high level in blood & result blood will become as in chocolate colour. 5-TREATMENT: Injection of 1% METHYLENE BLUE in distilled water or isotonic saline given 4-22 mg/kg or more Depending on severity of exposure Lower dosages can be repeated in 20-30 min if intial result is not satisfactory Lower dosages of METHYLENE blue can be used in all species but ruminents can be safely tolerate higher dosages If u observe additional absorbtion occur during the process of therapy then u should be retreat with METHYLENE BLUE every 6-8 Hours Rumen Lavage with cold water & antibiotics may stop the continuing microbial production of nitrite . You must your consult veterinarian before treatment 6-PREVENTIONS: The harvested forages in which contains high nitrate that often can be fed safely by MIXING them with other feeds materials to reduce total dietry intake of nitrate Should be dilute them with feeds low in nitrate when u have doubt in feeds for nitrate before Grazing or feeding them 7- CONTROL: Should be Give the livestock access to fresh nitrate free water at all time Don't all cattle access to grazing where fertilizers are spreading /Stored Don't feed Green chop has heated after cutting Should be give the fresh water for drink animals /cattle Should be Don't Graze high nitrate pastures until one week after killing FROST If possible Should be observe the cattle commaonly when u move them in suspected field So in result detect any Sign of toxicity Drought stressed & small grain forages other forages suspected of high in Nitrates should be tested before feeding Those cattle who are in poor in health conditions & suffering respiratory disease are more susceptible to Nitrate poisoing So should be avoid to move them into field. 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Nitrate & Nitrite Poisoning In Animals

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